Terrestrial Habitats

Woodland and Scrub

MethodReferenceLicence Required
GeneralNo

 

Woodland and Scrub – Veteran Trees

MethodReferenceLicence Required
General
  • English Nature, 1996. Guidelines for Identifying Ancient Woodlands. 
  • Read, H., 2000. Veteran Trees: A guide to good management.  English Nature.
  • Fay, N. and De Berker, N., 1997.  Veteran Trees Initiative: Specialist Survey Method.  English Nature.
  • Fay, N., 2004. Survey Methods & Development of Innovative Arboricultural Techniques. Key UK Veteran Tree Sites.
  • Fay, N., 2007. Defining and Surveying Veteran and Ancient Trees.
  • Fay, N. and De Berker, N., 2003.  Evaluation of the Specialist Survey Method for Veteran Tree Recording.  English Nature Research Report No 529.  English Nature.
No
Remote Sensing, multiscale landscape
  • Smith, G.M. and Wyatt, B.K., 2007.  Multi-scale survey by sample-based field methods and remote sensing: A comparison of UK experience with European environmental assessments.  Landscape and Urban Planning.  79(2):170-176.
  • Bateman, I.J., Brainard, J.S. and Lovett, A.A., 1995.  Modelling Woodland Recreation Demand Using Geographical Information Systems. A Benefit Transfer Study.  Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment.
 

 

Hedgerow

MethodReferenceLicence Required
General
  • Bickmore, C.J., 2002. Hedgerow Survey Handbook: A standard procedure for local surveys in the UK : prepared on behalf of: Steering group for the UK Biodiversity Action Plan for Ancient and/or Species-rich Hedgerows.  Council for Wales.
  • Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2007.  Hedgerow Survey Handbook: A standard procedure for local surveys in the UK.  2ndedition.  Defra.
  • Rich, T.C.G., Clements, D.K., Lewis J. and Moore, L., 2000.  Comparison of four methods used to survey hedgerows: The Cardiff Hedgerow Survey.  Env.Manage. 60:91-100.  Academic Press.
  • Clements, D.K. and Tofts, R.J., 1992.  Hedgerow Evaluation and Grading Systems(HEGS): A Methodology for the Ecological Survey, Evaluation and Grading of Hedgerows. Countryside Planning and Management.
  • Hull, S.K. and Gibbs, J.N., 1991.  Ash Dieback: A Survey of Hedgerow Trees.
  • Murray, A. and Foulks, N., 2007.  A Methodology for the recording of hedgerow extent, species composition, structure, and condition in Ireland.
No

 

Grassland

MethodReferenceLicence Required
General
  • Rodwell, J.S., 1992. British Plant Communities Volume 3. Grasslands and Montane Communities.  Cambridge University Press.
  • Critchley, C.N.R., 1997. Monitoring methods. Grassland Management in Environmentally Sensitive Areas.  BGS Occasional Symposium No. 32.
  • Hodgson, J.G. et al., 1994.  A simple method for monitoring grassland vegetation. BGS Occasional Symposium No. 28.
  • Goldsmith, B., 1991. Monitoring for Conservation and Ecology.  Chapman & Hall.
  • Stewart, K.E.J., Bourn, N.A.D. and Thomas, J.A., 2001.  An evaluation of three quick methods commonly used to assess sward height in ecology.  Journal of Applied Ecology. 38:1148-1154.
  • Critchley, C.N.R. and Poulton, S.M.C., 1998.  A method to optimize precision and scale in grassland monitoring. Journal of Vegetation Science.  9:837-846.
  • Robertson, H.J. & Jefferson, R.G., 2000.  Monitoring the condition of lowland grassland SSSIs - I English Nature's rapid assessment method.  English Nature research report No. 315.
  • Smith, I.R., Wells, D.A. & Welsh, P., 1985.  Botanical survey and monitoring methods for grasslands.  Focus on Nature Conservation 10. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough.
  • Critchley, C.N.R., Burke, M.J., & Fowbert, J.A., 1999.  Sensitivity and calibration of Plant Community Variables for Grassland Monitoring in English ESAs.
  • ADAS, 2001. Development of sward-based guidelines for grassland management in ESAs and Countryside Stewardship.
  • Burke, M.J.W. and Critchley, C.N.R. (1999).  Improving the cost-effectiveness of the ADAS plot method for monitoring grassland.  ADAS report to MAFF.
  • Critchley, C.N.R. and Poulton, S.M.C., 1998.  A method to optimize precision and scale in grassland monitoring. Journal of Vegetation Science. 9:837-846.
 
Sward height and structure
  • Frame, J., 1993.  Herbage mass Sward measurement handbook.  2nd Edition.  British Grassland Society.  Reading.
  • Meyer, M., 1980. Monitoring and mapping natural area grassland vegetation with small format aerial photography.  IAFHE RSL research report.
  • Hooper, A.J., 1992. Measurement and perception of change: Field monitoring of environmental change in the Environmentally Sensitive Areas.  27th Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Symposium
  • ADAS, 1996. Assessing vegetation characteristics of enclosed grassland using satellite imagery
 
Remote Sensing
  • Mino, N., Saito, G. and Ogawa, S., 1998.  Satellite monitoring of changes in improved grassland management.  International Journal of Remote Sensing. 19:439-452.
  • Inoue, Y., Morinag, S. and Tomita, A., 2000.  A blimp based remote sensing system for low-altitude monitoring of plant variables:  a preliminary experiment for agricultural and ecological applications.  International Journal of Remote Sensing. 21:379-385.
 

 

Montane

MethodReferenceLicence Required
General
  • English Nature, 2007. The upland management handbook.  Information note 1- assessing vegetation condition in the English uplands.
  • MacDonald, A., Stevens, P., Armstrong, H., Immirzi, P. and Reynolds, P., 1998.  A Guide to Upland Habitats, Surveying Land Management Impacts. Scottish Natural Heritage.
  • Rodwell, J.S., 1992. British Plant Communities - Volume 3.  Grasslands and Montane Communities.  Cambridge University Press.
No

 

Mires and Heathlands

MethodReferenceLicence Required
General
  • Alonso, I., 2001.  Common standards for monitoring lowland heathland.  English Nature.
  • Rodwell, J.S., 1991. British Plant Communities - Volume 2.  Mires and Heaths.  Cambridge University Press.
  • MacDonald, A. and Armstrong, H., 1989. Methods for monitoring heather cover.  Research & survey in nature conservation, No. 27.
  • MacDonald, A., 1993. Heather Damage: A Guide to Types of Damage and their Causes. Series: Research and Survey in Nature Conservation Series 28.  Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
  • Alonso, I., Sherry, J., Turner, A., Farrell, L., Corbett, P. and Strachan, I., 2003. Lowland Heathland SSSIs, Guidance on conservation objectives setting and condition monitoring.
  • MacDonald, A., 1990. Heather damage: a guide to types of damage and their causes. NCC Research and Survey in nature conservation.  Conservation management of the uplands. No. 28.
  • Mitchley, J., Burch, J. and Lawson, C., 1998.  Habitat restoration project: development of monitoring guidelines. English Nature Research Reports, No. 284.
  • Robertson, H.J. and Jefferson, R.G., 2000. Monitoring the condition of lowland grasslands SSSIs. I. English Nature’s rapid assessment method.  English NatureResearch Reports, No. 315.
  • English Nature, 2003. The Scrub Management Handbook, Guidance on the Management of Scrub on Nature Conservation Sites.
No

 

Bog

MethodReferenceLicence Required
Remote SensingMilton, E.J., Hughes, P.D., Anderson, K., Schultz, J., Lindsay, R., Kelday, S.B. and Hill, C.T., 2005.  Remote Sensing of Bog Surfaces.  Joint Nature Conservation Committee.No

 

Ditches

MethodReferenceLicence Required
General
  • Alcock, A.R. and Palmer, M.A., 1985. A Standard method for the survey of ditch vegetation.  NCC.
  • Joint Nature Conservation Committee, 2005.  Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Ditches.
  • Biggs, J., 2008.  A standard Water Framework Directive compliant method for surveying macroinvertebrate assemblages in ditches. Pond Conservation. For Life in Fresh Waters.
No

 

Shingle

MethodReferenceLicence Required
GeneralNo

 

Salt Marshes

MethodReferenceLicence Required
General
  • Burd, F., 1989.  The Salt Marsh Survey of Great Britain. An Inventory of British Salt Marshes.  Research and Survey in Nature Conservation No. 17.  Nature Conservancy Council.
  • JNCC, 2004. Common Standards Monitoring Guidance forSaltmarshHabitats.  pp 23.
  • Chris Adnit, C., Brew, D., Cottle, R., Hardwick, M., John, S., Leggett, D., McNulty, S., Meakins, N. and Staniland, R. DATE.  Saltmarsh Management Manual.  Environment Agency.
  • Stark, H., Hemphill, P. and Whittle, A., 2002.  NVC Survey of saltmarsh and other habitats in the North Norfolk Coast Marine site.  Volume 1.  Posford Haskoning.
  • Hemphill, P. and Whittle, A., 2002.  NVC Survey of saltmarsh and other habitats in the Wash European Marine Site.  Volume 2.  Posford Haskoning.
No

 

Sand Dunes

MethodReferenceLicence Required
General
  • Radley, G.P., 1994. Sand Dune Vegetation Survey of Great Britain, Part 1: England.  Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
  • Dargie, T.C.D., 1993. Sand Dune Vegetation Survey of Great Britain, Part 2: Scotland.  Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
  • Dargie, T.C.D., 1995. Sand Dune Vegetation Survey of Great Britain, Part 3: Wales.  Joint Nature Conservation Committee, 1995
  • Dargie, T., 2002.  Sand dune vegetation survey of Scotland: National report.  Survey and Monitoring Report series.  Scottish Natural Heritage.
  • Rodwell, J.S., 2000. British Plant Communities.  Volume 5 - Maritime Communities and vegetation of open habitats.  Cambridge University Press.
  • Cooper, E.A., Crawford, I., Malloch, A.J.C. and Rodwell, J.S., 1992. Coastal vegetation survey of Northern Ireland. (Contractor: University of Lancaster, Unit of Vegetation Science). Unpublished report to Northern Ireland Department of the Environment, Belfast
No